Endnotes 1 Busch, 2011. Standards: Recipes for reality, MIT Press. 2 P artnering organizations are active in open source and specification development. For more information about how the survey was fielded, see About this study on page 34. 3 Rosen, Defining Open Standards. Available at www.rosenlaw.com/pdf-files/DefiningOpenStandards.pdf 4 Biddle, 2016. No Standard for Standards: Understanding the ICT Standards Development Ecosystem. Available at SSRN: ssrn.com/abstract=3023650. 5 Sutor, 2011. Software Standards, Openness, and Interoperability, in Opening Standards: The Global Politics of Interoperability. MIT Press. 6 Krechmer, 2006. Open Standards Requirements. International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research Vol. 4(1). 7 https://opensource.org/osd/ 8 https://openinventionnetwork.com 9 https://www.ibm.com/blog/open-standards-vs-open-source-explanation/ 10 https://www.linuxfoundation.org/projects/standards 11 State of Open Source Report 12 As reflected in the responses to this survey. 13 Contreras, et al. (2022). Preserving the Royalty-Free Standards Ecosystem https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4235647 14 Ghosh, 2011. An Economic Basis for Open Standards, in Opening Standards: The Global Politics of Interoperability Laura DeNardis ed. 15 West, 2006. The economic realities of open standards: Black, white, and many shades of gray, in Standards and Public Policy, Cambridge University Press, Goldstein & Stango eds. 16 Lerner & Schankerman, 2010. The comingled code: Open source and economic development, MIT Press. 17 AOM is a JDF Projects Series LLC. JDF is an affiliate of the Linux Foundation. 18 https://qiskit.org/ 19 openquantumsafe.org 20 https://github.com/quil-lang/quil THE 2023 STATE OF OPEN STANDARDS EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON THE TRANSITION TO OPEN STANDARDS 55